Resistance of Insects to Insecticides
Repeated use of the same insecticide, or insecticides with the same mode of action, against a particular insect in a given area may result in the effectiveness of the insecticide being reduced. To delay or prevent resistance of insects to insecticides:
- Integrate different control methods (cultural, biological, chemical) into insect control programs whenever possible,
- Use insecticides only when the economic threshold for a pest has been surpassed and natural controls fail to limit economic damage,
- Rotate between insecticides with different modes of action, particularly if several applications are made in a season, and
- Keep accurate records of insecticides used for each of your fields.
Insecticides can be classified according to their similarity in chemical structure (chemical group in the table below), and by mode of action (the process by which the insecticide kills the insect). The “Group” column in the following table separates insecticides based on their mode of action. By selecting products with different modes of action for an insecticide rotation program, risk of insecticide resistance can be reduced.
Insecticide Groups Based on Modes of Action
| GROUP | CHEMICAL GROUP | TRADE NAME | ACTIVE INGREDIENT | MODE OF ENTRY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1A |
Carbamates |
Sevin XLR, Eco Bran |
carbaryl |
contact/ingestion (Sevin XLR) ingestion (Eco Bran) |
|
1B |
Organophosphates |
Malathion | malathion |
contact |
|
|
| Orthene | acephate | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Dibrom | naled | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Imidan | phosmet | |
|
|
| Lorsban, Pyrinex, Nufos, Citadel, Warhawk, Pyrifos, Sharphos | chlorpyrifos | contact/ingestion/inhalation |
|
|
| Lagon, Cygon | dimethoate | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Thimet 20-G | phorate | ingestion |
|
3A |
Pyrethroids | Decis, Poleci | deltamethrin | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Mako, UP-Cyde, Ship | cypermethrin | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Matador, Silencer, Labamba | lambda-cyhalothrin | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Ambush, Pounce, Perm-UP, IPCO Syncro | permethrin | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Tempo | cyfluthrin | |
|
4A |
Neonicotinoids |
Helix, Cruiser Actara 240SC Actara 25WG |
thiamethoxam |
ingestion ingestion contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Admire, Alias, Raxil ProShield, Sombrero, Trilex EverGol Shield | imidacloprid | contact/ingestion (flowable formulations) ingestion (seed treatments) |
|
|
| Assail, Aceta | acetamiprid | contact/ingestion |
|
|
| Prosper, Poncho, NipsIt, Titan, Clutch | clothianidin | ingestion |
|
4C | Sulfoximines | Closer | sulfoxaflor | contact/ingestion |
|
4D | Butenolides | Sivanto Prime | flupyradifurone | contact/ingestion |
|
5 | Spinosyns | Success, Entrust, Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait | spinosad | contact/ingestion (Success, Entrust), ingestion (Scorpio Ant and Insect Bait) |
|
|
| Delegate | spinetoram | contact/ingestion |
|
6 | Avermectins, Milbemycins | Agri-mek | abamectin | contact/ingestion |
|
9B | Pyridine azomethine derivatives | Fulfill | pymetrozine | ingestion mainly, some contact activity |
|
9D | Pyropenes | Sefina | Afidopyropen | contact |
|
11 | Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes | Dipel, Bioprotec | Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki | ingestion |
|
15 | Benzoylureas | Rimon | novaluron | ingestion/contact |
|
23 | Tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives | Movento | spirotetramat |
|
|
Oberon | spiromesifen | contact | ||
|
24A | Phosphides | Phostoxin, Fumitoxin | aluminum phosphide | inhalation (fumigant) |
|
28 |
Diamides | Coragen, Lumivia CPL | chlorantraniliprole | ingestion mainly |
|
|
| Lumiderm, Verimark, Fortenza, Exirel | cyantraniliprole | ingestion |
|
|
| Harvanta | cyclaniliprole | contact/ingestion |
| Vayego | tetraniliprole | contact/ingestion | ||
| 29 | Flonicamid | Beleaf | flonicamid | contact/ingestion |
| 30 | Meta-diamides, isoxazolines | Teraxxa F4, Cimegra | broflanilide |
A more detailed table showing insecticides organized by mode (site) of action, and specific information on the mode (site) of action for the different groups can be found on the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee website at: http://www.irac-online.org/modes-of-action/.